The Darkness of Colonialism and Imperialism in Heart of...

The Light and Dark of Colonialism in Heart of Darkness In the opening of his novel, Heart of Darkness, Conrad, through Marlow, establishes his thoughts on colonialism. He says that conquerors only use brute force, nothing to boast of because it arises, by accident, from anothers weakness. Marlow compares his subsequent tale of colonialism with that of the Roman colonization of Northern Europe and the fascination associated with such an endeavor. However, Marlow challenges this viewpoint by painting a heinous picture of the horrors of colonialist ventures as we delve deeper into the recesses of the novel. Here we find that Marlow sees colonization as robbery with violence, aggravated murder on a great scale, and men going at†¦show more content†¦Like Marlow, Kurtz began his employment with the ivory company with noble intentions: he wants to create a better way of life for the natives. However, because of extreme hardships placed upon him by the manager, Kurtz becomes the dark half of the soul: he symbolizes what Marlow may have become if placed in Kurtz position. As the treacherous villain of the tale the manager, signifies total darkness and blackness of the soul, as he is responsible for the severely unbalanced priorities of the company through the extreme importance given to the obtaining of ivory and the deficiency of importance given to human lives. Conrad also implements minor characters to further the unexpected distinction between dark and light, black and white. The white pilgrims are portrayed as materialistic, ivory-hungry opportunists with black souls; their behavior is violent and savage. Contrariwise, the black natives are civil, spiritual, and have white souls. In the beginning of the novel, Conrad creates the fellow seamen who accompany Marlow on his present journey and listen to his tale of the Congo to establish the contrast between the materialistic and the spiritual. The fellow sailors do not understand Marlows tale and chastise him throughout, showing their reluctance and inability toShow MoreRelated Theme of Colonialism and Imperialism in Conrads Heart of Darkness1008 Words   |  5 PagesThe Theme of Imperialism in Heart of Darkness       Of the themes in Conrads Heart of Darkness, imperialism and colonialism are probably the most important. While Heart of Darkness is actually set on the Thames River, the events Marlow describes are set on the Congo River. The Congo is the river that brought about the partition of Africa that occurred from 1880 to 1890 (McLynn 13). This event marked the beginning of the colonization of Africa. In 1884, European nations held a conference andRead MoreImperialism And Colonialism In Joseph Conrads Heart Of Darkness1302 Words   |  6 Pagesstructures such as imperialism and colonialism can affect the way in which an individual experiences the world. Those born into the so-called â€Å"First World† countries have been privileged in that they have not felt the burden of such societal structure, as compared to those born into those â€Å"Second World† countries. These individuals have dealt with the pressures of Westernized society in such a way that their entire way of l ife has been transformed. Those whose countries hold values of imperialism and colonialismRead More Colonialism and Imperialism in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness2027 Words   |  9 Pages   Joseph Conrads novella, Heart of Darkness, describes a life-altering journey that the protagonist, Marlow, experiences in the African Congo.   The story explores the historical period of colonialism in Africa to exemplify Marlows struggles.   Marlow, like other Europeans of his time, is brought up to believe certain things about colonialism, but his views change as he experiences colonialism first hand. This essay will explore Marlows view of colonialism, which is shaped through his experiencesRead More Colonialism and Imperialism in Heart of Darkness and A Passage to India1683 Words   |  7 Pages It is best to analyze the works, Heart of Darkness and A Passage to India, applying the historical and cultural conditions of the society in which they were produced. The relations between groups and classes of people that imperialism sets up, and that these two works explore, starkly reveals the contradictions within capitalism in a way that a similar piece of fiction set within one culture and dealing with characters from that culture alone cannot. Prior to the analysis however, I would likeRead More Condemnation of Colonialism and Imperialism in Heart of Darkness561 Words   |  3 PagesCondemnation of Imperialism in Heart of Darkness      Ã‚   Though Conrad did not learn English until he was twenty-one, he still mastered the language and artfully uses it in Heart of Darkness. One sentence of his is particularly striking, as it sums up the views that he condemns throughout the novella. The accountant, one of the first imperialists Marlow meets, says to him, When one has got to make correct entries, one comes to hate these savages-hate them to the death(Conrad). This sentenceRead More Colonialism and Imperialism - A Post-colonial Study of Heart of Darkness3270 Words   |  14 PagesA Post-colonial Study of Heart of Darkness         Ã‚  In this paper, Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness will be examined by using a recent movement, Post-colonial Study that mainly focuses on the relationship between the Self and the Other, always intertwined together in considering one’ identity.  Ã‚   The Other is commonly identified with the margin, which has been oppressed or ignored by Eurocentric, male-dominated history.  Ã‚   Conrad is also conscious of the Others interrelated status with the SelfRead More The Evil of Colonialism and Imperialism in Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad1559 Words   |  7 PagesEvil of Colonialism in Heart of Darkness   Ã‚  Ã‚   A masterpiece of twentieth-century writing, Heart of Darkness exposes the tenuous fabric that holds civilization together and the brutal horror at the center of European colonialism. Joseph Conrads novella, Heart of Darkness, describes a life-altering journey that the protagonist, Marlow, experiences in the African Congo.   The story explores the historical period of colonialism in Africa to exemplify Marlows struggles. Joseph Conrads Heart of DarknessRead More Comparing Colonialism and Imperialism in Heart of Darkness and Kiplings Poetry1515 Words   |  7 PagesImperialism in Heart of Darkness and Kiplings Poetry   Ã‚  Ã‚   Imperialism sprung from an altruistic and unselfish aim to take up the white mans burden1 and â€Å"wean [the] ignorant millions from their horrid ways.†2 These two citations are, of course, from Kipling’s â€Å"White Man’s Burden† and Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, respectively, and they splendidly encompass what British and European imperialism was about – at least seen from the late-nineteenth century point of view. This essay seeks to exploreRead MoreExposing Colonialism and Imperialism in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness1940 Words   |  8 PagesThe Evil of Colonialism Exposed in Heart of Darkness       Marlow was an average European man with average European beliefs. Like most Europeans of his time, Marlow believed in colonialism; that is, until he met Kurtz. Kurtz forces Marlow to rethink his current beliefs after Marlow learns the effects of colonialism deep in the African Congo. In Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, Marlow learns that he has lived his entire life believing in a sugar-coated evil.   Marlows understanding of KurtzsRead More Colonialism and Imperialism Exposed in Shooting an Elephant and Heart of Darkness1360 Words   |  6 Pagesan Elephant and Heart of Darkness      Ã‚  Ã‚   As a man is captured, his first instinct is to try and break free from his shackles and chains. Primal urges such as this often accompany humans when they are forced, as in capture, to rely on their most basic instincts to survive. In this manner, natives in Africa acted upon instinct when the Europeans arrived to take their land and freedom. The short story Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell and the novel Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad

Describe Different Events And Their Characteristics Of The...

Unit 22: Describe different events and their characteristics in the hospitality industry The Events industry opens a great employment opportunity for hospitality work. Due to the recent growth in events the standards for what can be called a great event has been raised. Expectations from people attending events such as weddings have been risen therefore the quality of the events has become more elaborate and expensive. As shown in the â€Å"annual income from events† table below; corporate events like conferences and meetings bring in the most money. This is partly because they involve massive companies who are able to pump tones of money into these events. Sports and music events are expected to boom in 2015 and 2020 with stadium capacities growing places such as the Olympic Stadium in London will need to fill them as rent on stadiums like these are costly meaning more events not just sport events will be held in sports stadiums in order to generate extra income. Music events have over recent years become a place where young people love going. Event organisers have realised this and have tailored there marketing to aim their music festivals and concerts primarily at young people. One type of event which is not on the list is celebratory events such as Weddings, Birthdays, Christmas parties, etc. These type of events are expensive. For example the average cost for a wedding in the UK is  £21,000 each and that is not including the honeymoon or rings. With a venue setting youShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Hotel Management And Tourism1388 Words   |  6 Pagesor attending a special event because your boss required you to, you will be sure to encounter those of us who have chosen the hospitality field as a career. Within this industry, there are so many options to choose from including the culinary arts, hotel management and housekeeping, event planning, and travel agent and the main goal of those who work within these fields is to ensure you feel comfortable while you are traveling or staying close to home. Although hospitality is a broad major, theyRead MoreGreen Mountain Resort Case Study1473 Words   |  6 Pagesa hindrance to the company s success. The hospitality literature that Gunter consults for guidance confirms that high employee turnover is simply part of the hospitality industry and should be accepted by the company and managed by applying limited time and investment in its employees. Gunter sees this way of handling turnover as counterproductive and hires a consultant to provide an alternate perspective. Gunter meets with the consultant and describes the issue and the desired outcome. The consultantRead MoreFactors That Influence Risk Levels On The Hospitality Industry1207 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay will critically analyse factors that influence risk levels in the hospitality industry. Further to this, recommendations on risk handling will be put forward to lessen these risks. ISO30100 defines risk as the effect of uncertainty on objectives, ISO30100 goes further to say the risk can be positive, negative or a deviation from the expected. There are four key drivers of risk as outlined in the ISO30100 standard; these include financial, infrastructure, marketplace and reputational risksRead MoreThe Employability Skills and Self-Perceived Competence for Careers in the Hospitality Industry1914 Words   |  8 PagesStudy The responsibilities of entry-level managers in the hospitality industry are continuously changing. Obtaining and keeping a management job in a restaurant or hotel requires that a person have the ability to change. Successful managers have the enthusiasm to respond to the changing needs and challenges of their organization (Woods amp; King, 2002). Some of these challenges are due to the changes affecting the hospitality industry today, Consequently, the curriculum and the methods used toRead MoreOrganizational Structure Of The Hospitality Industry Essay2699 Words   |  11 PagesUnderstand the current structure of the hospitality industry 2 1.1 Analyse the current scale, scope and diversity of the hospitality industry 2 1.2. Discuss organisational structures giving using as example 2 different hospitality organisations 4 1.3. Give examples of hospitality related organisations and professional bodies and assess their roles. 5 LO2 Understand staffing in the hospitality industry 6 2.1. Assess the staffing requirements of different hospitality industries 6 2.2 Discuss the roles, responsibilitiesRead MoreCustomer Contribution to Improving Service Quality in the Hospitality Industry5193 Words   |  21 Pagesdragoscv@gmail.com Abstract The actors on the today business stage have no more well-defined roles with clear and rigid borders between them. Hospitality industry in particular is a good example how it has been blurred the roles that customers play in dealing with service providers. The study reveals that customers can influence the quality of hospitality service through performing a qualitycontrol function. This involves a series of activities to be achieved by them: (1) on-the-spot quality controlRead MoreThe Equal Opportunity Act ( 2010 )1734 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In recent years, many industries such as tourism and hospitality in the workplace have undergone numerous discrimination cases. The Equal Opportunity Act (2010) is legislation that protects people. That applies to employers, but also defends all workers, included full/part time worker and interns. (Australian Human Rights Commission 2014). Under the law, discrimination, prejudice, racism, as well as sexual harassment, are individual behaviours, which are connected to insulting, speakingRead MoreRelational Leadership And Hospitality Industry : Retaining And Enhancing Relationship Between Leader And Follower1823 Words   |  8 PagesThis literature review is aimed to link relevant literature to the researched topic: „Relational leadership in events and hospitality industry: retaining and enhancing relationship between leader and follower. â€Å" A major purpose of the researched topic is to assess followers’ approach of maintaining and reinforcing the relationship with t he leader. The main topics that were researched in the review are leadership, relational leadership which includes transactional and transformational leadership,Read Morehospitality industry5225 Words   |  21 Pagesdiversity in hospitality industry (P1)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2 1.2 Structure of different hospitality organizations (P2)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...6 1.3 Hospitality role and professional bodies (P3)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 LO2 2.1 Staffing requirements for different hospitality industry (P4) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 2.2 Role, responsibilities and qualification required for hospitality staff (P5)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..11 LO3 3.1 Operational, managerial and legislative issue resulted from recent developments affecting the industry (P6) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreThe Impact Of Diversified Workforce And How Management Handles Their Employees From Different Cultural Backgrounds3622 Words   |  15 PagesAbstract The hospitality industry around the globe is characterized by the existence of diversified workforce. As a result, it requires highly skilled Human Resource Management (HRM). The research paper here tries to acknowledge the impact of diversified workforce and how management handles their employees from different cultural backgrounds. The paper gives a brief background of the story, followed by an extensive literature review. The literature review section focuses on various theories and

The Effects of Dependency on Technology Free Essays

Since the days of the industrial revolution, man has always wanted to improve his environment, or to make his life ceasier. Whether it was a way to speed up production of goods, better communication, or just improving and existing idea, man has yearned to exceed his boundaries and push the limits of his abilities. With the invention of the computer and rapid advances in technology, lifestyles have become physically, socially, and economically dependent upon a wide variety of electronic devises. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Dependency on Technology or any similar topic only for you Order Now If the technology were lost or became non functional, it would have a devastating impact globally. Beginning with the invention of the wheel and fire, man has strived to improve the way he performs basic menial tasks. Just as he did with the wheel, man has become more and more dependent upon technology to do his day to day work. What started as the industrial revolution has moved into the computer age of manufacturing goods at a faster and cheaper rate. Not only has production been effected by technology, it has spread to a wide range of work related tasks such as sales, where only two decades ago personal contact was the norm, now is done with e-mail and I pads. As well as shipping and receiving where once records were hand written, they are now inputted electronically. Thus it creates a network of human dependency on industrial technology. Even as industry has become dependent upon electronic gadgets so has society’s need to interact. There are a number of devices to help us communicate more efficiently with each other, but at a cost of the personal face to face connection. The number one improvement in social communication is the internet. With instant messaging, e-mail, and social sites such as facebook, my yearbook, and tagged there is very little if any personal contact. Also in the communication category are cell-phones where you can text, im, take and download pictures all at the touch of a keypad without even seeing the person on the other end. By doing so it creates a varied number of choices for social interaction with no personal or physical contact. Commerce has also become dependent on computers and ever changing technology. Since the birth of the internet, on line sales have become as ommon as turning on a light. You can view a business’s entire inventory and make a purchase with just a couple of mouse clicks. Also effected by technology is in store checkout, where you can do self check out by scanning items over a price screen connected to a computerized cash register. A major change in commerce is security where cameras survey an entire store and electronic metallic strips are hidden in items to th wart shoplifting. In the future even sales clerks could be computerized which would lead to a total dependence on technology. Thus computers today have become an inseparable part of our lives, forcing man to ask several questions. Like where will the technology lead us, and how dependent are we becoming upon it. Therefore the very things that are now operating industrial machinery, communicating socially, and driving commercial sales have brought about a dependency on technology that is nearly irreversible. It leads to the question, will all the advances in our lives be a benefit or will we become dependent soley on technology to complete everyday tasks thereby isolating ourselves from human interaction. How to cite The Effects of Dependency on Technology, Papers

The Pequot War free essay sample

Furthermore, an alternative hypothesis is given in which English authorities’ eagerness was the chief cause for intertribal warfare. |(no detected biases) | |Puritans and Pequots: The Question Of Genocide ( Primary Source: The New England Quarterly, Volume 68, No2, page 278-293 ) (Paper) |Michael Freeman |Feb 4, 2005 |The paper is author’s â€Å"genocide† concept analysis and a interpretive concern whether Puritans committed genocide against the Pequots or not. (no detected biases) | |A True Relation Of The Late Battell Fought In New England, Between The English And The Salvages: With The Present State Of Things There (Book) |Philip Vincent |unknown |The book is a synopsis account of the crucial engagement of the Pequot war, which occurred 6 months after the Mystic Massacre. |He proudly indicated that English was the first â€Å"discoverers† of the New World, which was settled by Native Americans thousands of years ago. Another â€Å"superior race† biased ideology. He claimed New England’s land could only be fertile by â€Å"industrious hands. (no detected biases) | |A True Relation Of The Late Battell Fought In New England, Between The English And The Salvages: With The Present State Of Things There (Book) |Philip Vincent |unknown |The book is a synopsis account of the crucial engagement of the Pequot war, which occurred 6 months after the Mystic Massacre. |He proudly indicated that English was the first â€Å"discoverers† of the New World, which was settled by Native Americans thousands of years ago. Another â€Å"superior race† biased ideology. He claimed New England’s land could only be fertile by â€Å"industrious hands. † | |Battle Of Mystic Fort (Woodcut) |John Underhill |unknown |The wood cut is a bird-eye, general view depiction of the Battle of Mystic Fort in 1637. |(no detected biases) | | SOURCE ANALYSIS First of all, Michael Freeman’s â€Å"Puritans and Pequots: The Question of Genocide† is examined as an informative source for this aspect of United States history. There are two crucial themes the author pointed out in the article: conflict’s importance and how it’s related to the term â€Å"genocide†. Firstly, there were four fundamental reasons for the conflict between European settlers and native people. The first large-scale chief cause for its cruciality is the first violent confrontation between the English colonists in New England against indigenous people. Additionally, this is also considered as the first violent encounter between the Puritans and native Americans. Moreover, the mentioned incident could be seen as an episode in the history of United States of America’s establishment. Ultimately, the Pequot event is a typical instance of inter-ethnic violence between colonial settlers and autochthonous people. Furthermore, the term genocide ( which was coined in the World War II period of time by Raphael Lemkin, ) means a political crime for deliberately devastating an ethnic group or a nation in large-scale circumstances, which was proclaimed by Freeman to determine the comparison between the Puritans’ Pequot campaign to attack Indians’ village and the concept genocide nowadays. Now, lets take a look at Cramer’s â€Å"The Pequot War Another View†. The author provided us with a reliable history detail that there was a serious disadvantage in identifying the truth for the Pequot war, that is, we are all dependent on English and Dutch written records. And obviously, this one-side incident documentaries from these parties could be possibly interest in their action justification. Furthermore, we could not also eliminate these remnants and rely only on archeological evidences, which are inadequate and inaccurate. This handicapped fact plays an essential role in Pequot war analysis process as well as hypothesis to explain. As an overview, Cramer’s paper did a good job on providing vital theories to explain the incident then and now, which is a complement to Freeman’s article about the conflict importances we discussed before. The first most popular theory for Pequot war’s motivation is â€Å"just war† ideology by the Puritans. More specifically, by assertion of â€Å"fierce, cruel, and warlike People than the Rest of the Indians† and the death of Captain John Stone by a Pequot warrior, it was a serious necessity for European colonists to assault Pequot stronghold at all cost. The later theory in mid nineteenth theory was aimed to claim that it was a savagely, aggressive action of English colonists to fight back the Pequot Indians. In addition, the colonists had already taken advantages of the hostilities and conflicts between Indians tribes to start out the war. The most recently theory was given in 1960s pointed out that the profoundly cause for the assault due to the desire of English authorities, especially Massachusetts, to expand their trade routes with Indians tribes. The last useful information about Pequot war Cramer brought into his paper was the cast of Pequot drama. On the side of colonists’ governments, we had Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colony, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. On the indigenous’ side, there were also four significant Indians tribes, namely, Narragansett, Niantic, Mohegan, and the Block Islanders. The third sources i would like to mention is the popular book by John Mason A Brief History Of The Pequot War and â€Å"A True Relation Of The Late Battell Fought In New England, Between The English And The Salvages: With The Present State Of Things There† by Philip Vincent. Both were literally books that were written by the contemporary period of time. The first thing that surprised the readers was the old English writing style and aged english words by the authors, which could be somehow a barrier for spectators to understand and follow the flows of story-telling style. The information was mostly the authors’ feelings and tellings about the events from stem to stern: from New England depicting to the inside causes of Pequot war. PAPER â€Å"It was a great ball game and everybody participated. Pequot is a good ball club and they beat us earlier. This was probably the best game we played all year. Im proud of the girls really proud of them. † (Harold Chitwood) Pequot war was a violent conflict between English colonists and their Native American allies against another indigenous tribe called Pequot, which occurred in the years from 1637 to 1638. For the most considerings, the Pequot war was described as one of the most first sanguinary warfare that took place in America. Additionally, this bloody conflict could be considered as an essential episode in United States of America’s history. This paper is aimed to break down the Pequot war from soup to nuts, which starts with the Pequot tribe’s origin, the battle’s causes, participants, battle development process, and eventually the aftermath of the incident. Foremost, a closer look at Pequot people and their dawn of settlement are analyzed in order to understand more insightful about the Pequot war. Pequot people were a Native American ethnic group , who occupied in American eastern region nowadays called Connecticut, in roughly 17th century. While many historians believed that the Pequots migrated to central and south Connecticut from upper Hudson River in early 16th century, some debated that they were Connecticut indigenous residents for thousands of years. They were considerably dominant in economics, military as well as political establishment; their population varied around 16,000, which was the most densely inhabitance tribe in New England. After the dreadful epidemic in 1633, came along with the Pequot war, their population significantly decreased to only approximately 3,000 people. Nowadays, there are only two Pequot communities in Connecticut, which are legally acknowledged by the United States, namely, Mashantucket Pequot Tribe Of Connecticut and Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation. (1) Before interpreting the Pequot war, lets remind ourselves the era of conquest to New World of Europeans. By the late 15th century, with advantages in new technologies as well as population growth and government supports, many European superior nations includes England, Netherlands, Spain, and French started their voyages across Atlantic to New World. They made contact with indigenous people for mutual beneficial relationships through trading. Time by time, trading with europeans had become a crucial role in many Native American tribes, Pequot was not an exception. Before the inception of the war, the effort to dominate fur trade with europeans, a political division between Pequot and Mohegan occurred, which resulted in different trading alliance: Mohegan with the English and Pequot with the Dutch. Tensions were sparked between the Pequots and other Indians tribes due to a series of fur trading-related contemporary incidents. (2) Next, the causes for Pequot war are broke down. There is a large pool of assumptions and ideas for the causes of Pequot war, some are biases, others may not be reliable. Regarding to many historians and documentaries, there are three fundamental theories for the Pequot war to broke out by Clayton E. Cramer’s The Pequot War Another View article. First of all, the oldest theory claimed that Pequot’s actions was the chief motivation for the conflict. As mentioned before, the Dutch was primary trade subject of Pequot tribe, as an retaliation for the death of their sachem, Tatobem, who was kidnapped for ransom by the Dutch during a vessel trade, the Pequot assaulted and murdered an English captain, John Stone and seven of his crew with unawareness about the nationality of John Stone, mistook him with an Dutch businessman. By the assertion of Pequot people, who were fierce, cruel, and warlike, the death of Captain John Stone was a pedal for English colonists to burn down their fortification at Mystic, which will be discussed later in this paper. In 1856, a contrary theory was given by many historians, which asserted that the English colonists’ authorities was driving force for the violent encounter. More specifically, the English took advantages of profoundly tensions between the Pequots and other Indians’ tribes to deploy the raid campaign. Nonetheless, Europeans’ Native American tribes alliance was basically an passive factor. Ultimately, the most recently hypothesis as well as the most modern one believed that the English colonists desired to occupy Pequot land to expand their favorable trading process and political domination over New England. As easily observation, we can see all above three debated theories both have a acceleration force by the English colonizers, the authorities wanted to show off their civilization dominance over the Indians, as a proof for the biassed expression: â€Å"superior race† at the first days they came to New World. 3) Furthermore, participants in the drama of Pequot war also played a significant role in the battle as a general view. First of all, on the side of the English settlers, we have Massachusetts Bay colony, which was run by John Winthrop and Sir Henry Vane in separated intervals; Plymouth colony whose governors Edward Winslow and William Bradford; Thomas Hooker in Connecticut and finally Roger Williams’ Rhode Island. In addition, Captain John Mason and John Underhill, who were military commanders were also important figures on the assault of Fort Mystic. Secondly, notable Indians tribe were the Pequots, the Mohegan, the Niantics, and the Narragansett came along with many indispensable Indians characters, namely, Sassacus, Pequot’ sachem, Uncas, the sachem of the Mohegan, Miantonomo Narragansett’s prominent sachem, and Wequash, sagamore of the Niantics. Above listed participants are divided into two sides, the first side is English colonists with their allies the Mohegan and the Narragansett. On the opposite party, the Pequot allied with the Niantics to fight against the colonists and their traditional enemies. (4) Now, lets examine step-by-step development of the Pequot war, which is divided into three important stages: Block Island incident, the Pequot’s raid, and the Mystic Massacre. Afterwards the incident of John Stone’s death, the dead-alone case of John Oldham in his pinnace, Block Island, was considerably a accelerator for the inception of Pequot war. By the founded evidence, Narragansett and Block Island native people were accused for the death of Mr. Oldham. Subsequently, Miantomono the supreme sachem of Narragansett returned Oldham’s two sons and his properties as appeasement and raised an army of roughly two hundred warriors to Block Island for vengeance on behalf of Massachusetts. To seek for their own revenge, John Endicott and approximately ninety men were commissioned by Massachusetts’ authorities to strike Block Island, burned down their enemies’ crops, canoes, and shelters. Later on, Commander John Edicott decided to chase down the Pequots to retaliate for the death of Captain John Stone and John Oldham but he failed to engage and sailed back home to Boston. (5) â€Å"They had commission to put to death the men of Block Island, but to spare the women and children, and to bring them away, and to take possession of the island, and from then to go to the Pequots to demand the murderers of Captain Stone and other English † (John Winthrop, Massachusetts’ governor) The second stage of the war was the wrath of the Pequots and their raids. While Massachusetts cooperated with Mohegan and Narragansett as there allies to fight against the Pequots, who were in a preparation to enhance their military strength by recruiting 36 tributary villages and western Niantics. On April, 1637, the Pequots stroke Wethersfield as an recrimination, which was asked by Sowheag who was dispossessed sachem by the settlers of Wethersfield. Six men and three women were murdered, two young girls were kidnapped, possessions were destroyed. As a climax, general Court of Connecticut claimed war against the Pequots a week after the raid event. The governor of Connecticut summoned Captain John Mason and ninety English militia, who were supported by seventy Mohegan’ soldiers under the command of their paramount sachem, Uncas. At Fort Saybrook, Captain John Mason’s army joined with Captain John Underhill and his twenty men. The plan of the troop was to sail from Fort Saybrook to Narragansett Bay and then land at Fort Mystic to prepare for a surprise attack on the Pequots’ village before dawn. (6) â€Å"We had formerly concluded to destroy them by the sword and save the plunder. † (Captain John Mason) The last stage of the warfare was the bloody Mystic Massacre. Sassacus, Pequot’ sachem, believed English sailed back to Boston, recruited a army of hundreds of men in order to strike Hartford. Thus, the remaining of the Pequots’ villagers were mostly women, children, and elders. The attack took place in 26 May, 1637, with an altogether ground forces of more than 400 men, Captain John Mason commanded English militia to attack the interior of the village, set the wigwams on fire, their Native Americans’ allies supported the English by the exterior. Roughly 600 to 700 Pequots inhabitants were killed, everyone who tried to climb over the palisade were murdered by the English militia or Indians allies, a small number of Pequots escaped to the woods or were captured as prisoners. Later on, after witnessing the terrifying destructions of their homeland in Mystic, group of Pequots’ men attempted to chase down the English, who had already returned to their home with their Indians’ allies, but failed to do so. The mission was accomplished by Captain John Mason, who justified his missions by the desire of God to punish a fierce, cruel, aggressive race. 7) As an aftermath of the Pequot war, the Treaty of Hartford was considered as a disposition agreement on Pequots’ lands between Indians’ tribes the Mohegans and Narragansetts and English’s Connecticut General Court. On the Pequots’ survivors side, many of them failed to find new shelters in neighborhood Indians’ tribe and eventually gave up their hope by selling themselves as slaves to Bermuda or West Indies, others were offered as households servants for English in Connecticut and Massachusetts. Since the Mystics Massacre, a long-term peace lasted between Indians and colonists because many indigenous people were too frightened to fight against the foreign settlers. (8) In conclusion, it’s not excessive to claim that Pequot war was one of the most dreadful battle inn the early history page of the United States of America, the first violent encounter between Puritans and Native American, it was also considered as an inter-ethnic violence, which was related by the term â€Å"genocide† by Michael Freeman’s book. This paper is built based on useful and diverse information of multiple analyzed sources, Cramer provided us with causes and participants of the warfare, Freeman complemented with many battle development stages while two other books from Captain John Mason and Phillip Vincent provided with detail descriptions and popular quoting in the battle segments of the paper.